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december 2009 doc id 15679 rev 1 1/32 AN2983 application note constant current inverse buck led driver using l6562a introduction whenever a lighting application, such as street lighting for example, requires an elevated number of leds, there are basically two solutions : the first is to connect all the diodes in series in a single "string"; the second is to place several strings in parallel with fewer elements in each one. the first solution, even if simpler, poses stringent safety requirements due to the high supply voltage. the latter needs a lower input voltage but the current through each string has to be independently controlled. since, from a system point of view, the seco nd solution seems more viable, we have developed an application to investigate the possibility of employing an l6562a to implement such a constant current controller. this document describes the evl6562a-led demonstration board and summarizes the relevant results obtained. figure 1. evl6562a-led: l6562a constant current inverse buck driver module !-v www.st.com
contents AN2983 2/32 doc id 15679 rev 1 contents 1 main characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1 system configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 circuit description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1 power section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2 l6562a controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3 fot (fixed off time) delay circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.4 current setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.5 led number compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.6 shutdown/dimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.7 auxiliary power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.8 open-/short-circuit protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3 measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.1 led voltage dependency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.2 input voltage dependency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4 electrical schematic and bill of materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5 references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 6 revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
AN2983 list of figures doc id 15679 rev 1 3/32 list of figures figure 1. evl6562a-led: l6562a constant current inverse buck driver module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 figure 2. system configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 figure 3. module schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 figure 4. standard buck converter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 figure 5. inverse buck converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 figure 6. controller diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 figure 7. simulated waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 figure 8. fot net. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 figure 9. toff delay (actual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 figure 10. toff delay (nominal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 figure 11. current setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 figure 12. i_led/v_trim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 figure 13. i_led/vled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 figure 14. enable/dimming detailed view (turn-on) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 figure 15. enable/dimming detailed view (turn-off) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 figure 16. dimming 1% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 figure 17. dimming 10% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 figure 18. dimming 50% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 figure 19. dimming 90% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 figure 20. dimming 99% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 figure 21. auxiliary power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 figure 22. short-circuit protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 figure 23. short-circuit application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 figure 24. short-circuit removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 figure 25. short-circuit detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 figure 26. load current decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 figure 27. led current (average, maximum, minimum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 figure 28. led current (ripple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 figure 29. switching frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 figure 30. efficiency [%] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 figure 31. led current (average) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 figure 32. switching frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 figure 33. efficiency [%] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 figure 34. evl6562a-led electrical schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7
main characteristics AN2983 4/32 doc id 15679 rev 1 1 main characteristics 1.1 system configuration figure 2 shows a possible system configuration, in which the key modules are: the main power supply, which converts the ac input voltage to an internal power bus. the cc drivers, which are the modules that implement the constant current sources. the controller that configures the cc current drivers through a dedicated bus. the leds strings. the cc drivers are the modules considered in this application note and implemented in the evl6562a-led demonstration board. figure 2. system configuration 1.2 requirements the board?s design takes into account the following key points. input voltage: 48 v (+/- 20%) output current (average): 0.35 a output ripple current < 140 ma (+/- 20%) output current setting/calibration digital dimming open-/short-circuit protection absence of electrolytic capacitors the design can be easily changed to adapt to different needs. !-v ? -ain0ower3upply ? 0ower"us ? ,%$s3trings ? #ontroller ? ##$rivers ? #ontrol"us
AN2983 main characteristics doc id 15679 rev 1 5/32 1.3 interface ideally the module should have only two pins a nd behave as a constant current sink, but for practical reasons, and in order to gain a highe r degree of flexibility, its connector has the following pinout. d_dimm is a digital (ttl) input for the module . a high level shuts off the circuit. a low level enables the nominal load current and a square wave with variable duty cycle can be used as a dimming control c_set is an analog input (0...12 v). a voltage applied to this pin is used to set the load current to the required value gnd pins 3 and 4 are the ground return for the controller?s power supply (vcc). d_dimm and c_set are referred to this ground vcc is the connection to the controller?s power supply input vin_gnd is the main power supply return, internally connected to the gnd pins vin is the main power supply input (48 v) leds_a is the connection to the anode of the diode string leds_k is the connection to the cathode of the diode string table 1. evl6562a-led interface pin number signal name connection notes 1 d_dimm shutdown / digital dimming digital input 2 c_set load current setting 0.. 12 v input 3 gnd auxiliary power (gnd) 4 gnd auxiliary power (gnd) 5 vcc auxiliary power (vcc) (18 v) input/output 6n.c. 7 vin_gnd main power (gnd) 8 vin main power (vin) (48 v nom.) input 9 leds_a leds anode interconnection output 10 leds_k leds cathode interconnection output
circuit description AN2983 6/32 doc id 15679 rev 1 2 circuit description the following is a list of the main components that form the module evl6562a-led. power section l6562a controller fixed off time (fot) delay current setting led number compensation shutdown/dimming auxiliary power open-/short-circuit protection figure 3. module schematic 2.1 power section the topology of this stage is the so-called inverse buck (also referred to as modified or low- side buck). simply stated, it is a standard buck converter with the power and ground connections interchanged, as shown in figure 4 and figure 5 . !-v , ! #ontroller ? &/4 ? $elay 3hort0rot ? !ux 0ower $ ? $imm #urr 3ett 0ower 3ection ,%$s 3ring 6in 6cc ? $ ? $imm # ? 3et ? ,%$s ? ! ? ,%$s ? +
AN2983 circuit description doc id 15679 rev 1 7/32 other than the power and ground connections being exchanged, there are no differences between the two configurations; the behavior and dimensioning of the inverse buck are the same as that of the standard buck. refer to application note an2928 (a) for a detailed description and design rules. the following are a reminder of the fundamental applicable equations. inductor current variation (charging period) equation 1 inductor current variation (discharging period) equation 2 the circuit works in continuous conduction mode, then in steady-state the current variations during ton and toff are the same (in module) and equivalent to the ripple current i_rip. ripple current equation 3 duty cycle equation 4 additionally, the average current of the led can be expressed as: figure 4. standard buck converter figure 5. inverse buck converter !-v 9 l q ' / 5 / 9 9 rx w 9 9 l q 9 rx w !-v 6 i n $ 2 , 6 6 i n , 6 6 i n ? 6 ou t 6 ou t a. see chapter 5: references on page 30 . ton l vled vin ton _ i ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = toff l vled toff _ i ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = toff _ i ton _ i rip _ i = = ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ? ? ? ? ? = vin vled t ton d
circuit description AN2983 8/32 doc id 15679 rev 1 equation 5 equation 6 2.2 l6562a controller the l6562a is used in a "fixed off time" and "peak current mode" topology. figure 6 represents the controller with its main functional blocks, th e fot_delay circuitry and the power section. figure 6. controller diagram at power-on, the "starter" sets the flip-flop, whose output (q) goes high activating the gate driver (gd). the power mosfet transistor is turned on and the load current (i_led) flows through the led diodes, inductor, power mosfet transistor and sense resistor. the load current develops a voltage on the sense resistor: v s = i_led * rsense. this voltage is applied to the cs input of the controller where it is compared to the reference voltage vth = 1.08 v (nom.) when vs becomes higher than vth, the compar ator's output goes high, activating the reset input of the ff. the ff q output is set to low and the gate driver output voltage goes to gnd. the power mosfet is turned off, vs goes to zero and the i_led current decreases, flowing through the leds, inductor and flywheel diode. rip _ i 2 1 pk _ led _ i avg _ led _ i ? = toff l vled 2 1 pk _ led _ i avg _ led _ i ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = !-v ? , ? $ ? 23ense ? 3 ? 2 ? 1 ? && ? 'ate ? $river ? 6in ? 4off ? $elay ? 4$ ? 6th ? -/3 ? ,%$s ? 3tring ? 3tarte r ? #ontroller ? 0ower3ection ? '$ ? #3 ? :#$ ? 1
AN2983 circuit description doc id 15679 rev 1 9/32 the falling edge of the gate driver starts the toff delay (see section 2.3 on page 9 ). at the end of the toff delay the set input of the ff is activated and a new cycle begins. figure 7. simulated waveforms 2.3 fot (fixed off time) delay circuit figure 8. fot net the fixed off time delay circuit is implemented by connecting the gate drive (gd) output to the zcd input by means of a diode d5 in series with r11 and c7 (in parallel), and zcd to ground with r18 and c8 in parallel. there is a clamp circuit behind the zcd pin of the controller that limits the maximum voltage to 5.7 v, and a comparator whose output goes high if the input voltage falls below the threshold level of 0.7 v. hence when gd is high (10 v nominal), zcd is forced to the clamp level of 5.7 v, but as soon as the gate driver goes low, the diode d5 turns off and the capacitor c8 discharges through r18 until the voltage reaches 0.7 v. at this point the comparator switches on and tr iggers the set input of the flip-flop, whose output goes high. !-v /z>ao}??v? sadk^?]vs}o?p sz? ?a(o]?r(o}???]v??u dz]v]?]oz]pzoo]??}?z ?????]?]? sz ???a(o]?r(o}????]v?? ,b/hg 9' 9b v h w 7lphxv 9buhvhw !-v $ 2 2 # # 6 6 & & ? 3 & & ? 1 ' a t e ? $ r i v e r : #$ # o m pa r a t o r # on t r o ll e r : # $ ' $ 4 o f f ? $ e l a y
circuit description AN2983 10/32 doc id 15679 rev 1 this causes the gate driver to go high again and then the power mosfet to conduct. the time delay toff is simply governed by the equation of the discharge of the capacitor c8 through the resistor r18 with the boundary conditions v (t0) = 5.7 v, v (t1) = 0.7 v. equation 7 equation 8 equation 9 with our values this gives: equation 10 refer to an2782 (b) for a detailed description of the fot controller. figure 9 shows the key waveforms with the leds? current (i_led), ca pacitor (c8) voltage (v_c8) and gate drive output voltage (v_gd). figure 9. toff delay (actual) it is worth noting that the real toff time is 1.57 s and that the low threshold is 0.44 v. this is due to the components? tolerance and to the propagation delay from the comparator input to the gate driver output. b. see chapter 5: references on page 30 . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = 8 *c 18 r (toff) 0 1 e * ) t ( v ) t ( v ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ? ? ? ? ? 8 18 0 1 c * r toff ) t ( v ) t ( v ln ? ? ? ? ? ? = ) t ( v ) t ( v ln * ) c * r ( toff 1 0 8 18 s 17 . 1 ) c * r ( * 1 . 2 7 . 0 7 . 5 ln * ) c * r ( toff 8 18 8 18 = = ? ? ? ? ? ? = !-v 4r aces #( ;green= )?,%$ #( ;blue= 6?# #( ;red= 6?'$
AN2983 circuit description doc id 15679 rev 1 11/32 if we consider the time at which the capaci tor voltage crosses the 0.7 v threshold, the equivalent toff time is 1.32 s (+150 ns compared to the nominal value, due to the tolerance of c8 and stray capacitance) while the rema ining 250 ns are related to the propagation delay (during which the voltage falls from 0.7 v to 0.44 v). figure 10. toff delay (nominal) 2.4 current setting as already indicated, the cs pin of the l6562a controller is internally connected to the non- inverting input of the cs comparator, whose threshold (vth) is fixed to 1.08 v (nom.) tying it to the sense resistor forces the co mparator?s output high when i_led = vth / rs. this is a very simple way to detect ? and lim it ? the peak load current to a fixed value. in order to make this value adjustable, we can introduce an auxiliary voltage so urce (va), connected to the cs pin through a resistor (r a) and another resistor (rb) between cs and the sense resistor, as indicated in figure 11 . in this way the auxilia ry source c an be used to modify the threshold at which the (peak) load current triggers the comparator. figure 11. current setting am04261v1 traces: ch(4) green=i_led; ch(2) blue=v_c8; ch(1) red=v_gd; !-v
circuit description AN2983 12/32 doc id 15679 rev 1 equation 11 equation 12 neglecting the current that flows though the cs pin (1 a max): equation 13 and then: equation 14 equation 15 vth = va + ib*ra then: equation 16 vs = vth + ib*rb and: equation 17 equation 18 equation 19 equation 20 equation 21 if we consider the limit conditio n va = 0, which is equivalent to connecting ra directly to ground, the maximum peak led current i_led_pk (max) can be obtained by: rb * ib vs vth ? = ? = ? = ? = ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = rb * ) va vth ( * ra 1 vth vs ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + = va * ra rb vth * ra rb vth vs ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + = ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + = ra rb * va ra rb ra * vth vs ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? ? = ra rb * va ra rb ra * vth * rs 1 pk _ led _ i
AN2983 circuit description doc id 15679 rev 1 13/32 equation 22 ? ? ? ? ? ? + = ra rb ra * ) nom ( pk _ led _ i (max) pk _ led _ i
circuit description AN2983 14/32 doc id 15679 rev 1 where, as already seen, the (nominal) led peak current is: equation 23 on the other hand, if we fix i_led_pk = 0 we can estimate the value of va for which the led current is reduced to zero. equation 24 equation 25 equation 26 with our values of ra = r19 = 10 k , and rb = r14 = 1 k , equation 21 can be rewritten as: equation 27 equation 22 becomes: equation 28 and equation 25 : equation 29 in the plot shown in figure 12 the led current (i_led) is expr essed as a function of the trim voltage v_trim (= va) applied at the c_set module input, with the supply voltage (vin) as parameter (fixed at 36, 48 and 60 v). as you can see, the linearity is quite good fo r currents in the range of 400 to 75 ma and voltages in the range 0... 10 v, while with v_tr im from 10 to 12 v th e current st ill decreases down to zero, but with some non-linearity. this is due to the fact that the led diodes are a non-linear load and their behavior at low current levels may change from one device to another. another point that has to be taken into account is that when the average current is reduced, the minimum led current is reduced to zero, causing the converter to change from continuous conduction mode (ccm) to discontinuous conduction mode (dcm) operation. vth * rs 1 ) nom ( pk _ led _ i ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? ? = ra rb * va ra rb ra * vth * rs 1 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? + = ? ? ? ? ? ? ra rb ra * vth ra rb * va ? ? ? ? ? ? + = rb rb ra * vth va () () [] va * 1 . 0 vth * 1 . 1 * rs 1 pk _ led _ i ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ( ) 1 . 1 * ) nom ( pk _ led _ i (max) pk _ led _ i = ( ) 11 * vth va =
AN2983 circuit description doc id 15679 rev 1 15/32 figure 12. i_led/v_trim 2.5 led number compensation the average output current depends on the numb er of leds connected to the module, or to be more precise, on the voltage (vled) developed across them. this is due to the fact that: equation 30 and: equation 31 and then: equation 32 with a constant i_led_pk, toff and l, it appear s that if vled increases, the average current decreases, and vice versa. usually the number of leds is determined in the early stages of the design phase, but if required, it is possible to make the load current almost indep endent of the number of leds employed by connecting two resi stors (r17 and r20) from the leds? cathode to the cs pin of the controller. with a technique similar to that of the curr ent setting, the circui t senses the voltage [vin - vled] that depends on the number of leds and corrects the voltage applied to the current sense pin. in this way the circuit behaves as if the internal comparator triggers when the average current ? instead of the peak current ? exceeds the threshold value. !-v rip _ i 2 1 pk _ led _ i avg _ led _ i ? = vled * l toff rip _ i ? ? ? ? ? ? = vled * l toff 2 1 pk _ led _ i avg _ led _ i ? ? ? ? ? ? ? =
circuit description AN2983 16/32 doc id 15679 rev 1 the drawback of this configuration is that since the circuit is now more sensitive to input voltage variations, vin has to be more tightly regulated. the following equations demonstrate what has been previously asserted. equation 33 equation 34 where: i_led_avg is the leds? average current, i_led_pk is the leds? peak current and va = (vin - vled) is the leds? cathode voltage. equation 35 equation 36 to make i_led_avg independent of vled, the vled coefficient has to be reduced to zero. equation 37 that is to say, setting: equation 38 reduces equation 36 to: equation 39 in other words, connecting ra to the catho de of the leds? string, the average led current depends only on vth and vin. vled * l toff 2 1 pk _ led _ i avg _ led _ i ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? ? = ra rb * va ra rb ra * vth * rs 1 pk _ led _ i () vled * l toff 2 1 ra rb * vled vin ra rb ra * vth * rs 1 avg _ led _ i ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + + ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? ? = l toff 2 1 ra rb * rs 1 * vled ra rb * vin ra rb ra * vth * rs 1 avg _ led _ i 0 l toff 2 1 ra rb * rs 1 = ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 rs / l toff 2 1 ra rb = ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ? ? ? ? ? () ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? ? = ra rb * vin ra rb ra * vth * rs 1 avg _ led _ i
AN2983 circuit description doc id 15679 rev 1 17/32 going into further detail, we also have to consider the delay of the current sense comparator (tdel) and modify equation 33 as follows. equation 40 with: equation 41 equation 42 equation 43 and with equation 38 that now becomes: equation 44 and equation 40 : equation 45 with the values of our application: equation 46 equation 47 equation 48 del _ i rip _ i 2 1 pk _ led _ i avg _ led _ i + ? = () vled vin * l tdel del _ i ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + + ? ? ? ? ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? ? = l tdel * vled l toff 2 1 ra rb * rs 1 * vled l tdel * vin ra rb * vin ra rb ra * vth * rs 1 avg _ led _ i ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + + ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? ? = l tdel l toff 2 1 ra rb * rs 1 * vled rs / l tdel ra rb * vin ra rb ra * vth * rs 1 avg _ led _ i ? ? ? ? ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ? ? ? ? ? rs / l tdel rs / l toff 2 1 ra rb ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? ? = rs / l tdel ra rb * vin ra rb ra * vth * rs 1 avg _ led _ i = = = = 2.8 rs h, 470 l s, 0.2 tdel s, 1.57 toff () s 10 * 68 . 1 8 . 2 10 * 470 rs l 4 6 ? ? = ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ? ? ? ? ? ( ) s ) 10 * 985 . 0 ( ) tdel ( toff 2 1 6 ? = +
circuit description AN2983 18/32 doc id 15679 rev 1 and then: equation 49 on the demonstration board several measures have been taken with vin = 48 v, and rb = 1 k . figure 13 is the plot of the led current as a function of the voltage on the led string (vled) with ra (actually r17 + r20) as a parameter. figure 13. i_led/vled 2.6 shutdown/dimming the d_dim input (pin 1 of the j1 connector) has a dual function. module enable digital (pwm) dimming forcing it low, or leaving it floating, enables the controller's normal activity (current sink), while pulling it high (> 2.7 v) ca uses the module to shut down. therefore, this input can be used to switch the load on and off. figure 14 and figure 15 highlight the turn-on and turn-off with an input voltage (vin) of 48 v and an equivalent output voltage (vled) of 20 v. in these conditions, the rise and fall times of the load current are lower than 10 s. applying a square wave to this pin forces the module to 'work and stop' at the input signal frequency; in this way the average load current can be modified by simply changing the duty cycle of the pwm control. supposing a dimming frequency of 200 hz is used, and taking into account the 10 s of rise/fall time of the led current, we can estimate the minimu m dimming as (20 us)*(200 hz) = 0.4%. figure 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , and 20 show the led current for different dimming factors between 1% and 99%. ( ) () 170 10 * 985 . 0 10 * 68 . 1 rb ra 6 4 = = ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? !-v
AN2983 circuit description doc id 15679 rev 1 19/32 note: r1 = 10 k , c9 = 100 pf, and d1= 5.6 v zener diode. all these devices have been introduced to protect the controller from excessive input voltages or noise; in a complete system, with a driver directly connected, they can be avoided. figure 14. enable/dimming detailed view (turn-on) figure 15. enable/dimming detailed view (turn-off) !-v #(green)?,%$#( redgatedrive#( purple$?$)-- !-v #(green)?,%$#( redgatedrive#( purple$?$)--
circuit description AN2983 20/32 doc id 15679 rev 1 figure 18. dimming 50% figure 16. dimming 1% figure 17. dimming 10% ch(4) green: led current [ma] ch(1) red: gate drive output [v] ch(3) purple: d_dimm input [v] !-v ch(4) green: led current [ma] ch(1) red: gate drive output [v] ch(3) purple: d_dimm input [v] !-v ch(4) green: led current [ma] ch(1) red: gate drive output [v] ch(3) purple: d_dimm input [v] !-v
AN2983 circuit description doc id 15679 rev 1 21/32 2.7 auxiliary power the components for the auxilia ry power supply are q1, d2, c2, r2, r3, and r5. this section is included as a commodity to reduce the main voltage (48 v nominal) to the 18 v required from the vcc input of the l6562a controller, thus avoiding the use of another power supply. it has been designed to work with input voltages in the range of 33 to 65 v, but can be easily resized for different ranges. note that it is a linear regulator and that its efficiency is not very good. for this reason, in real applications where multiple modules are employed, it is better to consider a solution with an external supply common to all the modules. simply removing r2 and r5 disconnects the entire block and allows the power supply (vcc) to be provided from pin 5 of the header connector. figure 21. auxiliary power figure 19. dimming 90% figure 20. dimming 99% ch(4) green: led current [ma] ch(1) red: gate drive output [v] ch(3) purple: d_dimm input [v] !-v ch(4) green: led current [ma] ch(1) red: gate drive output [v] ch(3) purple: d_dimm input [v] !-v !-v 1 2 2 # $ 2 6 i n 6 c c
circuit description AN2983 22/32 doc id 15679 rev 1 2.8 open-/short-circuit protection as indicated, one of the requirements is that the module can sustain open and short circuits indefinitely and restart the correct functionality as soon as the fault is removed. from the "open circuit" point of view the module is intrinsically safe: if the load is disconnected, no current runs through the sense resistor and the controller drives the power mosfet transistor in conduction and pin 10 of the j1 connector to ground. whenever the load is reconnected, the current restarts to flow and normal operation is resumed. the short-circuit condition is mo re critical. at the end of the toff delay, the power mosfet is turned on, the current starts to flow and charges the inductor, and the voltage on the sense resistor quickly reaches the threshold level. however, because of the controller?s internal delay (175 ns nom.) the power mosfet does not shut down immediately; as such, a minimal amount of energy is still tran sferred to the inductor, but during the toff time ? since the load is a short-circuit ? this energy is not dissipated. the result is that the load current rises abnormally, leading to catastrophic failure unless the cycle is blocked. for this reason the circuit outlined in figure 22 has been introduced. figure 22. short-circuit protection in normal conditions the voltage developed across the sense resistor is not sufficient to turn on q3. the inv pin of the controller is then at: equation 50 on the other hand, in the case of a short-circuit, the load current increases until q3 goes in conduction, c5 is discharged and the inv pin goes to: equation 51 the controller then shuts down, the power mosfet stops conducting, the inductor discharges and the load current decays to zero. since no current flows through the sense !-v 2 3 en s e $ $ 1 2 2 2 # 6 c c ) . 6 v 44 . 1 ) k 22 k 33 k 220 ( k 22 * ) v 18 ( 9 r 7 r 6 r 9 r * ) vcc ( = ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + + = ? ? ? ? ? ? + + v 1 . 0 v ) 4 . 0 ( * ) 25 . 0 ( ) k 22 k 33 ( k 22 * ) v 25 . 0 ( 9 r 7 r 9 r * ) sat _ vce _ 3 q ( = = ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + = ? ? ? ? ? ? +
AN2983 circuit description doc id 15679 rev 1 23/32 resistor, q3 turns off allowing c5 to charge through r6, and the voltage of the inv pin rises again. when it reaches 0.45 v the disable condition is removed and the controller restarts. if the short-circuit condition is removed, the ci rcuit restores its normal functionality. if the short-circuit condition persists, the hiccup cycle is repeated. figure 23. short-circuit application figure 24. short-circuit removal !-v #( 'reen)?,ed#( "lue6ce?1 #( 2ed62sense !-v #( 'reen)?,ed#( "lue6ce?1 #( 2ed62sense figure 25. short-circuit detection figure 26. load current decay !-v #( 'reen)?,ed #( 2ed62sense !-v &+*uhhq,b/hg &+5hg95vhqvh
measurements AN2983 24/32 doc id 15679 rev 1 3 measurements 3.1 led voltage dependency the first set of measures was taken at a nominal input voltage with vin = 48 v and with the output voltage (vled) as a parameter. figure 27. led current (average, maximum, minimum) figure 28. led current (ripple) !-v !-v
AN2983 measurements doc id 15679 rev 1 25/32 figure 29. switching frequency figure 30. efficiency [%] !-v !-v
measurements AN2983 26/32 doc id 15679 rev 1 3.2 input voltage dependency a second set of measures was taken varying the input voltage from 36 to 60 v with several load conditions as parameters (vled from 15 to 45 v). figure 31. led current (average) figure 32. switching frequency figure 33. efficiency [%] !-v ;6= m! !-v ;6= !-v ;6=
AN2983 electrical schematic and bill of materials doc id 15679 rev 1 27/32 4 electrical schematic and bill of materials figure 34. evl6562a-led electrical schematic !-v & x)9/ 9ffb*1' 9ff ' %$6 5 brkp 5 n 5 n 5 n 5 . ' %$6 5 5 5 4 6711) ' 6736+$ 9ff & qp & s) ' 006=7* 5 n 5 ' %$6 & s) ' %$6 5 . / x+ & q) 5 brkp 5 brkp 5 n 4 %&; & q) ' 006= 7* 9,1b*1' ' %$6 (;7b/('v 0/(' v 8 /$ ,19 &203 08 /7 &6 =&' *1' *' 9ff 5 - +($'(5 5 . 9,1 9,1b*1' 5 . 9,1 /('6b$ 5 n & s) (;7b3 327n 5 n (;7b& x) 'b',00 /('6b. 4 %&& ' %$6 & q) 5 n & s) & s) 5 n &b6hw
electrical schematic and bill of materials AN2983 28/32 doc id 15679 rev 1 table 2. evl6562a-led bom item qty reference part pcb footprint notes 1 1 c1 0.22 f 100vl 1812 2 3 c2,c3,c5 220 nf 805 31 c4 not mounted 4 3 c6,c8,c9 100 pf 805 5 1 c7 220 pf 805 61 c10 820 pf 7 1 d1 mmsz4690t1g sod-123 8 1 d2 mmsz18t1g sod-123 9 1 d3 stps2h100a sma stmicroelectronics 10 6 d4,d5,d6,d7, d8 ,d9 bas316 sod-323 11 1 ext c 0.22 f external jig 12 1 ext leds mleds leds string 13 1 ext p pot 10 k multiturns external jig 14 1 j1 strip header, 10-pin, 90, 2.54 mm pitch 15 1 l1 470 h coilcraft mms1260-474klb 16 1 q1 bcx56 sot-89 17 1 q2 stn3nf06 sot-223 stmicroelectronics 18 1 q3 bc846c sot-23 19 3 r1,r12,r19 10 k 805 20 1 r2 1 k 1206 21 1 r3 18 k 1206 22 3 r4,r5,r13 0 805 23 1 r6 220 k 805 24 1 r7 33 k 805 25 1 r8 1 805 26 1 r9 22 k 805 27 1 r10 10 805 28 1 r11 1.5 k 805 29 1 r14 1.0 k 805 30 2 r15,r16 5.6 1210 31 1 r17 100 k 805 32 1 r18 5.6 k 805 33 1 r20 68 k 805
AN2983 electrical schematic and bill of materials doc id 15679 rev 1 29/32 34 1 r21 470 805 35 1 u1 l6562a so-8 stmicroelectronics table 2. evl6562a-led bom (continued) item qty reference part pcb footprint notes
references AN2983 30/32 doc id 15679 rev 1 5 references 1. an2928 2. an2782 3. l6562a datasheet note: these references are available on the stmicroelectronics web site at www.st.com.
AN2983 revision history doc id 15679 rev 1 31/32 6 revision history table 3. document revision history date revision changes 16-dec-2009 1 initial release.
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